The Compression Of Time by keynote speaker Eileen McDargh, CSP, CPAE.

Some of us may recall slow dancing in the 60s as the Rolling Stones wailed out “Time is on my side, yes it is. “ Not any more. We all can sing the chorus: “There’s too much to do and too little time.”

Individually and collectively, we’ve created a commodity worthy of the New York Stock Exchange: Time. We’ve given it all the form and substance of a product for manipulation. We spend it, lose it, waste it, and manage it. We’re told to make time, use time, take time, and, if we’ve had a run-in with the law, we might even “do” time.

It’s the great equalizer, given in singular 24- hour chunks by the rising of the sun and the setting of the moon. No amount of money can buy it, no power can hold it, and no army can stop it. And one day we will all lift our eyes to the heavens and want the one thing we can no longer have: one minute more on this earth.

It is my contention that this relationship with time in today’s Western culture began with the invention of time- telling devices and has been further influenced and in many ways ripped asunder by the speed of technological inventions and our response and interplay with such inventions. As Dr. Willem D. Hackmann posited in this summer session, “science is an indication of the culture.” How have we come to this place in our culture where Time has been compressed, altered, and given capital-letter stature? How have inventions altered our expectations of what can be done in a given period of time? What is the current reality of this culture? And finally, where lies societal, corporate and personal responsibility in dealing with this reality?

This paper looks at the following areas:

A brief overview of the development of the clock

An overview of the influence of the clock on society and science

The increasing speed of inventions and the advent of the computer

The impact technology and our expectations of compressed time

The impact of compressed time on humans

What are we to do about it?

A brief overview of the development of the clock

Calendars were the forerunner of clocks. Ancient civilizations from the Sumerians to the more “modern” Aztecs found that celestial patterns offered them a rationale for marking the months, years and seasons. How fitting that astronomy would later prove to also be a clear partner in the marriage of more intricate time- telling and be joined as a navigational necessity.

Resources indicate that 5000 to 6000 years ago great civilizations in the Middle East and North Africa initiated clock making as opposed to calendar making. With their attendant bureaucracies and formal religions, these cultures found a need to organize their time more efficiently. After the Sumerians, Egyptians were the next to formally divide their day into parts something like our hours. Obelisks were built as early as 3500 B.C. Their moving shadows formed a kind of sundial in the quest for more year-round accuracy. Sundials evolved from flat horizontal or vertical plates to more elaborate forms. 1

Water clocks were among the earliest timekeepers that didn’t depend on the observation of celestial bodies. One of the oldest was found in the tomb of Amenhotep I, buried around 1500 B.C. Later named clepsydras (“water thief” by the Greeks who began using them about 325 B.C.), these were stone vessels with sloping sides that allowed water to drip at a nearly constant rate from a small hole near the bottom. A Greek astronomer, Andronikos, supervised the construction of the Tower of the Winds in Athens in the 1st century B.C. This octagonal structure showed scholars and marketplace shoppers both sundials and mechanical hour indicators. It featured a 24-hour mechanized clepsydra and indicators for the eight winds from which the tower got its name, and it displayed the seasons of the year and astrological dates and periods. Since a clock based on that flow can never achieve excellent accuracy, other inventions led the way. 2

In Europe during most of the Middle Ages (roughly 500 to 1500 A.D.), technological advancement was at a virtual standstill. Sundial styles evolved, but didn’t move far from ancient Egyptian principles. During these times, simple sundials placed above doorways were used to identify midday and four “tides” of the sunlit day.

Then, in the early-to-mid-14th century, large mechanical clocks began to appear in the towers of several large Italian cities. We have no evidence or record of the working models preceding these public clocks that were weight-driven and regulated by a verge-and-folio escapement. In 1656, Christian Huygens, a Dutch scientist, made the first pendulum clock, regulated by a mechanism with a “natural” period of oscillation. Although Galileo, sometimes credited with inventing the pendulum, studied its motion as early as 1582, Galileo’s design for a clock was not built before his death.

Today’s popular Swatch watch probably owes its ancestry to Huygens who in the mid 1600′s developed the balance wheel and spring assembly, still found in some of today’s wristwatches. This improvement allowed 17th century watches to keep time to 10 minutes a day. And in London in 1671 William Clement began building clocks with the new “anchor” or “recoil” escapement, a substantial improvement over the verge because it interferes less with the motion of the pendulum. In 1721 George Graham improved the pendulum clock’s accuracy to 1 second a day by compensating for changes in the pendulum’s length due to temperature variations. John Harrison, a carpenter and self- taught clock-maker, refined Graham’s temperature compensation techniques and added new methods of reducing friction. By 1761 he had built a marine chronometer with a spring and balance wheel escapement that won the British government’s 1714 prize (of over $2,000,000 in today’s currency) offered for a means of determining longitude to within one-half degree after a voyage to the West Indies. It kept time on board a rolling ship to about one-fifth of a second a day, nearly as well as a pendulum clock could do on land, and 10 times better than required. 3

Over the next century, refinements led in 1889 to Sigmund Riefler’s clock with a nearly free pendulum, which attained an accuracy of a hundredth of a second a day and became the standard in many astronomical observatories. One of the most famous, the W. H. Shortt clock, was demonstrated in 1921. The Shortt clock almost immediately replaced Riefler’s clock as a supreme timekeeper in many observatories. This clock consists of two pendulums, one a slave and the other a master. The slave pendulum gives the maste
r pendulum the gentle pushes needed to maintain its motion, and also drives the clock’s hands. This allows the master pendulum to remain free from mechanical tasks that would disturb its regularity.

The Shortt clock was replaced as the standard by quartz crystal clocks in the 1930s and 1940s, improving timekeeping performance far beyond that of pendulum and balance-wheel escapements. Quartz crystal clocks were better because they had no gears or escapements to disturb their regular frequency. Even so, they still relied on a mechanical vibration whose frequency depended critically on the crystal’s size and shape. Thus, no two crystals can be precisely alike, with exactly the same frequency. Such quartz clocks continue to dominate the market in numbers because their performance is excellent and they are inexpensive. But the timekeeping performance of quartz clocks has been substantially surpassed by atomic clocks. 4

Scientists had long realized that atoms (and molecules) have resonance; each chemical element and compound absorbs and emits electromagnetic radiation at its own characteristic frequencies. These resonances are inherently stable over time and space. An atom of hydrogen or cesium here today is exactly like one a million years ago or in another galaxy. Here was a potential “pendulum” with a reproducible rate that could form the basis for more accurate clocks. 5

In 1957 NIST completed its first cesium atomic beam device, and soon after a second NIST unit was built for comparison testing. By 1960 cesium standards had been refined enough to be incorporated into the official timekeeping system of NIST. In 1967 the cesium atom’s natural frequency was formally recognized as the new international unit of time: the second was defined as exactly 9,192,631,770 oscillations or cycles of the cesium atom’s resonant frequency replacing the old second that was defined in terms of the earth’s motions. The second quickly became the physical quantity most accurately measured by scientists. The best primary cesium standards now keep time to about one-millionth of a second per year. 6

An overview of the influence of the clock on society and science

Once the clock moved from a sundial into a more mechanistic and therefore “controlled” environment, society began to respond to the presence of this instrument. This paper does not explore the relationship of a clock to an increased ability to navigate the seas with more precision, but rather how the clock has become a way in which, today, we navigate our lives.

The clock as a social symbol and lifestyle organizer

The clock was invented to satisfy a human need for measuring time. “At the same time, the machine which had been devised to satisfy particular human needs created new ones. In the Middle Ages, bells were added, playing a prominent role in medieval life. Everyone knew his or her meaning: telling the hour, when to work, when to play, and when to pray. The clock bells marked the beginning and end of fairs. This addition brings clocks into a true status as a determiner of lifestyle patterns and becoming part of the social structure. Man began to time activities that, in the absence of clocks, they never thought about timing. People became very conscious of time and in the long run, punctuality became an obsession. Over time, reference gave way from ‘the time of vespers’ to the time of the clock”. 7

An invention now became part of language: o’clock!

Soon after its appearance, the clock assumed a status symbol. In Europe, towns competed with one another in the construction of lavish clocks and many had elaborate workings and movements. When the clock became portable, it became the fashion for nobles to have their faces painted on the timepieces. From Rolex to Bugatti, watches continue their symbol for affluence.

The clock as an influence on literature

In Europe, where the clock became an essential object of everyday life, modes of thinking and expression were deeply impacted. From the Middle Ages onward, the clock has been given human characteristics, some of which are not pleasant. There are probably a number of 21st century sleepers who might identify with the words of Welsh poet, Dafydd, writing in the late 14th Century.

“A curse on its head and tong, its two ropes and its wheel, its weights, heavy balls, its yards and its hammer; Its duck which thinks it is day and its unquiet mills Uncivil clock like the foolish tapping of a tipsy cobbler .A blasphemy on its face… A dark mill grinding the night.” 9

In the 16th and 17th century, the clock prompted words of imagination. The poet Froissant penned that a clock was analogous to the sensations and manners of a loving heart. The clock as a convention, an entity, or a metaphor abounds in writing from Shakespeare to modern titles such as A Clockwork Orange.

The clock as an influence on philosophy

In the newly released book, The Greatest Inventions of the Past 2000 Years, W. Dante Hilts, a physicist and computer scientist nominates the clock as the greatest invention because he says it is “the embodiment of objectivity (which) paved the way for the rigor of objective science. It converted time from a personal experience into a reality independent of perception. The mechanism gave thinkers like Descartes and Leibniz a metaphor for self-governed operations of natural law.”10 Keppler asserted that the universe is not similar to a divine, living being but rather is like a clock and Robert Boyle wrote that the universe is a “great piece of clockwork.”

As a side note, Hilts served as the chief scientist of Thinking Machines Corporation where he designed and built one of the fastest computers in the world. He is currently co-chairing the Long Now Foundation which is building a clock designed to last 10,000 years!

The clock as an influence on trade and early “globalization”

The mechanical clock served as the primary lever in truly opening the Far East for trade with Europe. Up until the invention of the mechanical clock, the Chinese had little interest in things European, while Europe longed for the spices, gunpowder, and fabrics of the East. Merchant ships, using money made in the Americas, bought and resold Japanese silver and copper to China, cotton textiles to Southeast Asia, and Persian rugs to India.

Lack of eastern demand for western products was a serious problem but even more alarming was the fact that Asian manufacturers competed successfully with European products in the European markets. The unequal trade balance represented in East Indian silks and calicos bears some resemblance to today’s trade imbalance.

The standstill was broken when Jesuit missionaries, headed by Father Matteo Ricci brought a
clock into the Macao port in the late 1500s. Word of a “self-ringing bell” caught the attention of the Imperial Palace. That it could tell time was incidental. Through the 18th century, this “self-ringing bell intrigued the Emperor and subsequent officials as a fascinating toy. 11

The increasing speed of inventions and the advent of the computer

A colleague of mine, futurist Dan Burrus, has tracked the data behind the prevailing experiential evidence that says we are living in a sped-up world. Burrus contends that inventions, because of better (and faster) media communication now come to public attention and use at a quicker pace. Consider the following table.

Speed of Invention
Development	Invention	Production	Time
Fluorescent Lighting	1852	1934	82 yrs
Radar	1887	1933	46 yrs
Ballpoint Pen	1888	1938	50 yrs
Zipper	1891	1923	32 yrs
Diesel Locomotive	1895	1934	39 yrs
Cellophane	1900	1926	26 yrs
Power Steering	1900	1930	30 yrs
Rockets	1903	1935	32 yrs
Helicopter	1904	1936	32 yrs
Television	1907	1936	29 yrs
Kodachrome	1910	1935	25 yrs
Transistor	1940	1950	10 yrs

But the fastest growth of all is the computer, and specifically the personal or desktop computer.

Computers in Use, 1985-2000 (In millions)
Country	1985	1988	1989	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	2000
United States	21.50	40.80	47.60	62.00	68.20	76.50	85.80	96.20	160.50
Japan	2.10	5.10	6.40	9.20	10.80	12.60	14.90	18.30	46.80
Germany	1.90	4.20	5.20	7.30	8.70	10.40	12.30	14.20	29.80
United Kingdom	2.10	4.30	5.20	7.20	8.40	9.60	10.90	12.60	26.00
France	1.30	3.10	4.00	5.70	6.50	7.50	8.60	10.00	21.80
Canada	0.90	2.00	2.50	3.70	4.30	5.20	6.20	7.20	15.30

Source: Computer Industry Almanac Inc., Arlington Heights, Ill.

What, you might ask, has this to do with the clock? According to Hilts, the computer, with its mechanistic playing out of predetermined roles is a direct descendant of the clock. 13

Per se, these facts may seem like historical oddities. Their meaning, however, acquires a new dimension when one notices that similar facts are quite common in the history of technology and machines. “Each new machine creates new needs, besides satisfying existing ones and breeds newer machines. The new contrivances modify and shape our lives and our thoughts; they affect the arts and philosophy, and they intrude ever into our spare time influencing our way of using them.” 14

The impact of technology and our expectations of time

Thanks to the ancestor of the clock, a computer chip is found in everything from the card which sings Happy Birthday to the car engine which today has as more computing power in it than what powered the spaceship Challenger. A computer chip is found in the ATM machine which scans your card for approval to the card-size record of your entire medical history. Today’s software program is obsolete tomorrow and what seemed fast today in computing is a laggard tomorrow.

We’ve given biological names and human characteristics to our technology. We use a mouse, surf a net, go into a web, and interface with modems. Windows are not for washing. Chips don’t come from logs. And highways are banded by bauds not embankments.

Technology allows the weight of decisions to be felt almost instantly. Our ability to move earth, burn oil, and drill across once-impossible terrain creates a global impact of more rapid dimensions. Our ability to buy a
nd move goods rapidly and to churn out products for consumers create stockpiles and waste piles. Coca-Cola’s now-abandoned decision to alter the formula for “classic” coke almost destroyed the economy of Madagascar, the world’s largest vanilla producing nation. (Now we ALL know one of the ingredients in this tightly held recipe!)

But there’s good news. We’ve moved from the industrial age to the information age to the knowledge age.

“Technology gives entrepreneurs…the freedom to challenge giant companies and to break up concentration of power. Technology gives people the power to weave connections all over the world. And technology frees people from the tyranny of place”.

But speed seems to be of the essence. Regular business operations are looking at staffing or web alternatives to give them a 24-7 presence (24 hours a day and seven days a week to serve or court a customer). Entrepreneurs are asked if they can move their project from idea to market in four months. That’s the estimated time of survival in the fast-paced world of the Web, where startups nest themselves and soak up talent.

According to David Allen, one of the world’s more influential thinkers on personal productivity, this is the “silent trauma” of knowledge workers everywhere. “We inhabit a world,” he says in which there are no “edges to our jobs” and “no limit to the potential information that can help us do our job betters.” What’s more, we’re in a competitive environment that’s continually being reshaped by the Web.

Our expectation (or the expectation presumed of the world around us) is that we must jam, cram as much as we can within the 24-hour day. Kipling’s line “fill the unforgiving minute with 60 seconds worth of distance run” can become a refrain because it appears that the running never stops.

Ironically, the very internet which allows me to send my Oxford daily journal to my 84 year-old Mother in Florida and receive her reply via web-TV—the very internet which allows me to research from my room because the libraries at Oxford don’t have material I can use—the very internet which allowed my sister to connect with an extended world of friends so they could support her and Noam has they dealt with his pending death from lung cancer— can also the same instrument of torture and time strangulation.

The genie will not-and should not-go back into the box. What is required first is an understanding, an awareness of the environment. We too can be like the proverbial frog that slowly boils to death because he is not aware of the increasing heat. Second, we can choose to create our specific philosophy and culture within this compressed time and technology world.

The impact of compressed time on humans

The Silicon Valley is considered a prime location for observing this accelerated pace and compressed time. Three anthropologists studying in this area have heard this question: “If I have to work on Internet time, does that mean I also have to live on Internet time too?” Years of research have provided anthropologists with a wealth of observations and the conclusions are not yet in. They are observing that it’s not just the do-more-faster syndrome but also that the demands of work are infiltrating personal lives. The language and mentality of work affect life at home.

There are other realities about the demands upon our time. The traditional family with a male breadwinner and wife at home fits only 11% of today’s households. (EAP digest, May, l992) In l950, no statistics were kept on married women in the labor force with children under one year of age, because it was so rare among middle class women. By l986, half of all women with babies under one year of age were in the paid work force. (Hochschild, The Second Shift, l989)”.

Not only are more women in the workforce, and often doing a “second shift” at home, but real wages have not risen for the average worker.

“Just to reach the 1973 standard of living, production workers and non-supervisory workers (80% of the workforce) must now work 245 more hours or 6 extra weeks per year. In 1990, 1/4 of all full-time workers spent 49 or more hours on the job each week. Of these almost half were at work 60 hours or more. From 1969 to 1987, annual leisure time has decreased by 47 hours. The majority of Americans get 60 to 90 minutes less sleep per night than they need for optimal health and performance (Schor The Overworked American, 1991) “.

The average employed person is now on the job an additional 163 hours, or the equivalent of an extra month a year [up from 20 years ago]. Hours have been increasing throughout the twenty-year period for which we have data. The breakdown for men and women shows lengthening hours for both groups, but there is a “gender gap” in the size of the increase. Men are working nearly 98 more hours per year, or two and a half extra weeks. Women are doing about 305 additional hours. ”

The last statistics also include work done in what Hochschild calls “the second shift.” My personal observation is that this dramatic difference in gender work has changed. More men are opting out to raise their children and to pull an equal weight at home with their spouse. At the same time, women remain the heads of single households so the number of hours worked will be higher.

The physiological impact on humans

The natural rhythm of the world around us has been altered by technology. We can work through the night. We can travel in hours to distant lands. We can be at the beck and call of anyone who has our cell phone, pager, or e-mail address. And even if we don’t personally own these pieces of technology (the ancestor of the clock), we are still caught in the demands of other people who are running to their own frantic drummer.

Our bodies are experiencing “entrainment”. Consider this definition: “entrain1 (n-trn) v. tr. entrained, entraining, entrains. To pull or draw along after itself. Chemistry. To carry (suspended particles, for example) along in a current. [French entrainer, from Old French: en-, in; see en-1 + trainer, to drag; see train.] entrainer n. entrainment. ”

The current of speed is dragging us along. We’ve moved from hypertext to hyperspeed to hypertension. And the compression of time with the speed of technology will not slow down. Therefore our task is to create-in our organizations and in our lives-a breathing space.

What can companies do?

I, for one, believe we’ll reach a point in which the mass hysteria and frenetic dot.com world will ratchet down to a more reasonable pace. It was rewarding to read what the head of one of the major international consulting firms said on this matter:

“The difference today is that new ventures are being built entirely out of intellectual labor, with virtually no physical construction to support them
and with no stock options beings used as payment. When the mass of illusionary wealth comes crashing down on our heads, the values associated with companies built to last rather than for quick gain will be vital to the recovery of our economy.” Robert J Avila, Director, economic and policy analysis, PriceWaterhouseCoopers, New York.

To be “built to last” means that an organization -whether of 1 or 10001 – has a purpose bigger than itself and draws people to itself because of practices, policies and that purpose. Enlightened organizations are realizing that the demand to get and keep good people is the definitive, competitive edge in the new millennium. Study after study reinforces the fact that people are no longer willing to sacrifice their life for the weekend, if in fact they get that. They want challenge, an opportunity to learn continually, respect, and recognition that there is a life outside the job.

“Get it now—and enjoy it later” is one of the guiding principles in the dot.com world. Speed is fiercely addictive and so is the promise of fast money. But if building instant fortunes means treating people like machines—running them around the clock until they burnout and then bringing in next year’s models—then the best and the brightest are eventually going to look elsewhere. They’ll trade paper options for real options.”

Some firms still just don’t “get it”. Yahoo! a major web search engine company, doesn’t have a formal program to address work-life issues and it still mostly discourages employees from working at home—which is ironic, given the company’s pioneering role in making virtual employment possible.

Wharton School of Business, in conjunction with such firms as Johnson & Johnson, Marriott and AT&T has established a chair for the study Work Life issues and programs. Organizations are putting in place flextime, job-sharing, telecommuting, and leave time. In Fortune Magazine’s list of the top 100 businesses to work for, one reads of programs in place to help employees handle everything from child and elder care to sabbaticals. For example, Calico Commerce has a telecommuting policy, plans to build a second satellite office for people who have long commutes, offers a program that allows employees to take time off to build local Habitat for Humanity homes, and provides time off and leaves of absence for employees who need a break.

What we can do

Know your time signature
Just as the faces of the early clocks were painted with the visage of the owner, so too each one of us has his own specific time signature. It looks different at different parts of our life. Our age, our values, our vision of our life’s purpose all influence this signature. Advice must then be filtered so we “sign up” for that which best fits us.

For example, what amazed most of my clients and friends when I announced I was going to Oxford were three things: (1) I was going for 3 weeks and not going on business (2) I was going away to think (3) I’d produce a product when it was finished.

My time signature says that it is expedient to have this experience. I am confident it will be valuable in ways yet to be discovered. More importantly, I realize that a number of people have similar time signatures and yet will not give themselves permission to take the time.

Create a breathing space to reclaim natural rhythm
Put your calendar where your intention is. Vinod Khosla, founding CEO of Sun Microsystems, literally sets a target of dinner at home at least 25 days a month and blocks it in his calendar. Ben Carson, pediatric neurosurgeon at John Hopkins Children’s Center, has a morning ritual of meditation and quiet reading. He recommends also “going outside yourself and doing something that has nothing to do with your normal day’s work. Craig Burzych, an air traffic controller, uses marathon training as a method for regaining balance. Carisa Bianchi, president and CEO of TBWA/Chiat/Day, never works on airplanes-no computer and no phone calls. This is her time to unplug with music and books.

Ritualizing is another way of creating breathing space. A vice president of a major corporation makes a list of his next day projects, locks it in his desk drawer, and as he exits for the night, looks at the locked drawer and says, “Now stay there!”.

Be a weeder
Speed is a function of how much stuff you let into your life. Stuff is my non-scientific term for everything from social obligations with people whom you would rather not converse with, to the projects we agree to do, to the overwhelm of paper which keeps us looking for the report we want, to the clutter of dishes because we didn’t “clean as we went”. There’s more. Everyone has his or her own list of stuff. Weed it out.

Retreat to advance
The value of going away, without an agenda or a list of “to dos”, allows one to gain perspective. Silent retreats are becoming more popular as people, weary of the surrounding ringing, chattering, clattering, honking, and wailing of machines and humans, find solace and perspective in staying at retreat houses.

Meditation
Learning to listen to our own inner music is another tool in gaining a sense of control over the feeling of time compression. “Solitary time is the doorway to our spirituality, when the self opens up to a place both timeless and time-full. The key to finding it is contemplation. We have discussed the rhythms of time to which we entrain, and the process of expanding the moment. Exploration of feeling and understanding the self (which is necessary to feeling comfortable with oneself, in solitude or at any time) are best reached through the practice of meditation. Meditation encourages this expansion and brings us into a more profound experience of the moment, as we entrain to a universal rhythm found deeply within”.

Be in the NOW
We are all in what David Allen calls “weird time” We are like the Morita therapy practitioner who encourages people to “play ball on running water”. This notion calls for us to be totally present in the NOW, concentrating on whatever is the “ball” before us. Since our minds tend to jump into “the next thing” even while we are engaged, this point of focus takes practice. Buddhists call this practice “mindfulness”.

Be responsible
De Saint Exupery wrote, “little by little, the machine will become part of humanity and every machine will gradually take on man’s patina and lose its identity in its function.”

It seems, however, that we might have acquired the machine’s patina.

Cipolla, writing in Clocks and Culture concurred with the following: “Social scientists sound like engineers-like machines-when they talk about human problems. The consequences of this mechanistic outlook
unfortunately is strengthened by the fascination with the machine.”

There’s a dichotomy in our technology. The radio took 30 years to reach 50 million users. The television look 13 years. And in four years, the web boasted 50 million users. The growth rate is so exponential that I found it impossible to get a current number. At the same time, while radio and televisions are found in even most of the poorest households, a digital divide based upon finance and education threatens to create a widen social chasm. This is precisely the problem which Cipolla is talking about in his writing. It can not be addressed through technology alone but through a philosophy of inclusion in the wealth of education, housing, and job opportunity because it is the RIGHT thing to do.

“Only a fool would indiscriminately condemn the machine as such. We desperately need more and better machines because we desperately need economic and technological development. But we also desperately need a development of our philosophy and of our capacity for handling human affairs so that we put our machines to good, reputable work. If not we may conceivably become toys of toys, tragic victims of our inanimate slaves”.

Works Cited

Brockman, John (editor). The Greatest Inventions of the Past 2000 Years. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2000.
Burrus, Dan. Technotrends. 1997.
Cipolla, Carlo M.. Clocks and Culture. London: Collins, 1967.
Cipolla,CM. Guns and Sails in the Early Phase of European Expansion. London: 1965.
De Saint Exupery. Wind, Sand and Stars. New York: 1939.
Katherine Mieskowski. “How to Speed Up Your Start Up.” Fast Company Vol 34. May 2000. 138-154.
Keith Hammonds. “You Can do Anything But Not Everything.” Fast Company Vol.34. May 2000.
Micklethwatt, John and Woolridge, Adrian. Future Perfect: The Challenge and Hidden Promise of Globalization . New York: Crown, 2000. Peate, IC. Clock and watchmaker. Cardiff: 1945.
Rechtschaffen, Stephan. Timeshifting: Creating More Time to Enjoy Your Life. New York: Doubleday Books, 1998.
Shorr, Judith. The Overworked American. New York: Doubleday, 1996.
http://www.centerforworkandfamily.com/facts.htm.
“Technology.” Britannica.
Tony Schwartz. “Life/Work Column.” Fast Company Vol. 34. May 2000. 334.

Since 1980, professional speaker and Hall of Fame member Eileen McDargh has helped Fortune 100 companies as well as individuals create connections that count and conversations that matter. Her latest book is Gifts from the Mountain-Simple Truths for Life’s Complexities. Her other books include Talk Ain’t Cheap…It’s Priceless and Work for a Living and Still Be Free to Live, one of the first books to address the notion of balance and authentic work. A 59 year-old grandmother, she recently returned from climbing among the highest mountains in the world. Find out more about this compelling and effective professional speaker and join her free newsletter by visiting http://www.EileenMcDargh.com.

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